Real Estate
Long-Term Lease of Land in State Ownership and Project Development – Practical Experiences
→ Slaven Moravčević
→ Ivana Panić
The use or disposal of leased land in state property during and after the lease term is controversial. The authors share some experiences in this area.
Introduction
State-owned property or property owned by a municipality may be leased for up to 90 years, subject to approval by the Parliament of Montenegro. The land may be designated for the development of tourist complexes, residential buildings, and villas, and most commonly requires financing pre-determined in the tender procedure. For land designated for the development of villas, the lessee may be granted an ownership right to the land beneath the villas and land surrounding the villas when being used for their primary purpose. In practice, the use/disposal of the leased land during and upon expiry of the lease term is the most controversial aspect of this legal structure.
Long term lease of state-owned land under applicable laws
General terms
According to the State-Owned Property Act (STPA), state-owned property or property owned by a municipality may be leased out for (i) up to 30 years, subject to approval by the Government of Montenegro or related municipal government, or (ii) up to 90 years, subject to approval by the Parliament of Montenegro based on a proposal by the Government of Montenegro. The Parliament of Montenegro, at the proposal of the Government, also decides on the disposition of state property valued over EUR 150,000,000.
State property may be disposed by public auction or on the basis of collected bids, and in exceptional cases by private treaty. If a lease has been granted for the development of a hotel-tourist complex, the lessor may grant the lessee its consent for the further disposal of such facilities, in line with planning documents and the corresponding lease agreement. Furthermore, for land designated for the development of villas, the lessee may be granted an ownership right to the land beneath the villas and land surrounding the villas being used for their primary purpose, in consideration of the market value of the land and in line with planning documents and the lease.
Coastal area
A long-term lease agreement sets forth all terms and conditions of the lease. It is, however, interesting to note that, if the leased land encompasses a coastal area, such part of the land may not be leased as the coastline represents a natural resource that cannot be leased or otherwise disposed of. However, in line with the procedure envisaged by the Montenegrin Sea Act, the use of such land may be granted to the lessee by way of an agreement executed with the public company entrusted with protecting the marine resources in Montenegro (JP Morsko Dobro).
The recent practice in Montenegro, instead of two separate agreements (one with the Government of Montenegro and one with JP Morsko Dobro), is to have tripartite lease agreements, the parties to which are the government as lessor, the investor as lessee, and JP Morsko Dobro as the usage right grantor concerning the segment of the leased land representing a maritime resource.
Disposal of state-owned leased land/facilities
During the development of projects constructed on the state-owned land, especially for the purpose of financing, the questions arise whether the investor may sell or mortgage (i) the constructed facilities/buildings and (ii) the leased land.
As a general rule, a person/entity mortgaging a property as a security for its/other debt must be the owner of the mortgaged property. Accordingly, land in leasehold may not be disposed of (except through sub-lease/assignment) and mortgaged. On the other hand, the owner/developer of a facility may be registered in the Cadastre of Real Estate as the owner of the facility once the relevant permits for construction/usage have been obtained, and hence may dispose of the facility.
Mortgages are perfected through registration in the Montenegrin Real Estate Cadastre. The subject of a mortgage can be an individually determined and liquid real estate, or any co-ownership share in a real estate. In case the value of the mortgaged property increases during the term of the mortgage, the mortgage extends to such increase in value. The subject of a mortgage can also be a facility under construction or any part of such facility (apartment, office, garage), provided that a valid construction permit has been issued for the facility. A mortgage on a facility under construction is registered on the land on which such facility is being constructed; following registration of the facility in the CRE, the mortgage is registered ex officio on the constructed facility or a part thereof.
Disposal of constructed facilities/buildings
However, contrary to the general rule, long-term lease agreements usually contain certain restrictions on the disposal of facilities under construction. The rationale behind these restrictions is to prevent the outflow of funds prior to finalisation of a project (investment of funds). Namely, although most commonly the government may terminate the agreement in case of breach by the investor (eg, failure to comply with the investment programme), the question is how to return/regain ownership over facilities purchased from the investor by third parties acting bona fide?
In light of the above, the most common restrictions in long-term lease agreements are:
- Disposal of the facilities requires prior written government approval.
- Establishment/foreclosure of the mortgage over the facilities (ie, transfer of ownership) is subject to written government approval.(Sometimes the mere establishment of a mortgage granted in favour of third-party developers would not require prior written government approval, whereas foreclosure of a mortgage [ie, transfer of ownership through mortgage rights] would.)
Finally, it is interesting to note that restrictions similar to the foregoing may be found in agreements selling and developing state-owned property.
Disposal of leased land
As indicated above, pursuant to the applicable Montenegrin laws, a mortgage over land can be established solely over land in freehold, whereas, in relation to leasehold, only for the land beneath and servicing the villas may be disposed of (provided that such land is purchased by the investor).
Most commonly under the lease agreements, the government is not obliged to grant lenders any security interest in the government’s freehold interest in the site or any part of it. Moreover, a freehold may be granted only for apartment buildings and the land underneath them (once constructed). Therefore, a mortgage can be created only over the facilities/buildings (based on the construction permit), and not over the land surrounding the apartment buildings or any other part of the site.
Most significant development projects in Montenegro are based on a long-term lease granted by the government. The lease is usually for 90 years.
Dugoročni zakup zemljišta u državnoj svojini i razvoj projekata – praktična iskustva
→ Slaven Moravčević
→ Ivana Panić
Korišćenje ili raspolaganje zemljištem u državnoj svojini tokom zakupa i nakon njega je kontroverzno pitanje. Autori ovog teksta dele neka od svojih iskustava u toj oblasti.
Uvod
Imovina u državnoj svojini i svojini opštine može se davati u zakup na period do 90 godina, uz prethodno odobrenje Skupštine Crne Gore. U slučaju zemljišta na kojem je predviđena izgradnja turističkog kompleksa, stambenih zgrada ili vila najčešće je potrebno da pitanja finansiranja budu unapred određena u postupku javnog nadmetanja. Kada je reč o zemljištu predviđenom za izgradnju vila, zakupac može dobiti pravo svojine na zemljištu ispod vila i oko njih, koje je neophodno za njihovu redovnu upotrebu. U praksi, korišćenje/raspolaganje zemljištem u zakupu tokom i nakon isteka perioda zakupa je najkontroverzniji aspekat ovog pravnog pitanja.
Dugoročni zakup zemljišta u državnoj svojini prema važećim zakonima
Opšte odredbe
Prema Zakonu o državnoj imovini (ZDI), dobra u svojini Crne Gore ili imovini opštine mogu se ugovorom dati u zakup (i) do 30 godina, odlukom Vlade Crne Gore, odnosno nadležnog organa opštine, ili (ii) do 90 godina, odlukom Skupštine, na predlog Vlade. Skupština Crne Gore, na predlog Vlade, odlučuje i o raspolaganju državnom imovinom u vrednosti iznad 150.000.000 evra.
Raspolaganje dobrima u državnoj svojini vrši se javnim nadmetanjem ili na osnovu prikupljenih ponuda, a izuzetno neposrednom pogodbom. Kad je predmet zakupa zemljište na kome je predviđena gradnja hotelsko turističkog kompleksa, zakupodavac može dati saglasnost zakupcu na otuđenje objekta izgrađenog na tom zemljištu, u skladu sa planskom dokumentacijom i ugovorom o zakupu. Dalje, kada je predmet zakupa zemljište na kome je predviđena gradnja vila, zakupcu se, uz svojinu na objektu, može preneti i pravo svojine na zakupljenom zemljištu ispod objekta i oko njih i koje je neophodno za njegovu redovnu upotrebu, u skladu sa planskom dokumentacijom i ugovorom o zakupu, uz plaćanje tržišne naknade.
Morsko dobro
Ugovorom o dugoročnom zakupu predviđeni su svi uslovi zakupa. Treba, međutim, pomenuti da ukoliko zakupljeno zemljište obuhvata i morsko dobro, taj deo zemljišta se ne može davati u zakup pošto je morsko dobro prirodno bogatstvo, čije davanje u zakup ili raspolaganje istim nije dozvoljeno. Međutim, prema postupku predviđenom Zakonom o moru Crne Gore, korišćenje takvog zemljišta može se odobriti zakupcu ugovorom zaključenim sa javnim preduzećem zaduženim za zaštitu morskog dobra Crne Gore (JP Morsko Dobro).
Skorija praksa u Crnoj Gori je da se, umesto dva odvojena ugovora (jednog sa Vladom Crne Gore, a drugog sa JP Morsko Dobro), zaključi tripartitni ugovor o zakupu, čije su ugovorne strane Vlada kao zakupodavac, investitor kao zakupac i JP Morsko Dobro kao davalac prava korišćenja na delu zakupljenog zemljišta koje predstavlja morsko bogatstvo.
Raspolaganje zemljištem/objektima u državnoj svojini
Prilikom razvoja projekata izgradnje objekata na zemljištu u državnoj svojini, naročito u vezi sa finansiranjem, postavlja se pitanje da li investitor ima pravo da proda ili založi (i) izgrađene objekte/zgrade i (ii) zakupljeno zemljište.
Opšte pravilo glasi da lice/društvo koje zalaže objekat kao sredstvo obezbeđenja svojih/drugih dugova mora biti vlasnik založene imovine. Stoga nije dozvoljeno raspolaganje zakupljenim zemljištem (osim putem podzakupa/ustupanja svojinskih ovlašćenja) i zalaganje istog. S druge strane, vlasnik/graditelj objekta može biti upisan u registar nepokretnosti kao vlasnik objekta čim pribavi odgovarajuće građevinske/upotrebne dozvole, pa tada može objektom i raspolagati.
Hipoteka se uspostavlja upisom u registar nepokretnosti Crne Gore. Predmet hipoteke može biti pojedinačno određena i likvidna nepokretnost, ili udeo prava svojine na nepokretnosti. Ukoliko se vrednost založene imovine poveća tokom perioda hipoteke, hipoteka se odnosi i na tu uvećanu vrednost. Predmet hipoteke može biti i objekat u izgradnji ili neki njegov deo (stan, kancelarija, garaža), pod uslovom da je za objekat izdata punovažna građevinska dozvola. Hipoteka na objektu u izgradnji registruje se na zemljištu na kojem se objekat gradi; nakon evidentiranja objekta u registru nepokretnosti, hipoteka na izgrađenom objektu ili njegovom delu uspostavlja se po službenoj dužnosti.
Raspolaganje izgrađenim objektima/zgradama
Međutim, suprotno opštem pravilu, ugovori o dugoročnom zakupu obično predviđaju određena ograničenja raspolaganja objektima u izgradnji. Razlog za uvođenje tih ograničenja je kako bi se sprečio odliv sredstava pre okončanja projekta (investiranje sredstava). Naime, iako je Vlada najčešće ovlašćena da raskine ugovor u slučaju kršenja obaveza od strane investitora (npr. nepoštovanje investicionog plana), pitanje je kako povratiti/ponovo steći vlasništvo nad objektima koji su od investitora u dobroj veri kupila treća lica?
U tom kontekstu, najčešća ograničenja u ugovorima o dugoročnom zakupu su sledeća:
- Za raspolaganje objektima potrebno je prethodno pisano odobrenje vlade.
- Za uspostavljanje/aktiviranje hipoteke na objektima (tj. prenos prava svojine) potrebno je prethodno pisano odobrenje vlade.
(Ponekad za samo uspostavljanje hipoteke u korist nosioca projekta trećeg lica nije potrebno prethodno pisano odobrenje vlade, a za aktiviranje hipoteke [tj. prenos prava svojine putem založnog prava] jeste.)
Konačno, treba pomenuti da se i ograničenja slična opisanim mogu naći i u ugovorima o prodaji i razvoju državne imovine.
Raspolaganje zakupljenim zemljištem
Kao što je navedeno iznad, prema važećim zakonima Crne Gore, hipoteka na zemljištu može se uspostaviti isključivo na zemljištu u svojini, dok se u slučaju zemljišta u zakupu može raspolagati samo zemljištem ispod vila, kao i onog koje je neophodno za njihovu upotrebu (pod uslovom da je to zemljište kupio investitor).
U ugovorima o zakupu Vlada najčešće nije u obavezi da zajmodavcima dozvoli uspostavljanje bilo kakvog obezbeđenja na nekoj lokaciji ili njenom delu koji su u svojini vlade… Stoga, pored zemljišta ispod i u funkciji vila se hipoteka može uspostaviti isključivo na objektima/zgradama (na osnovu građevinske dozvole), a ne i na zemljištu oko stambenih zgrada ili nekom drugom delu lokacije.